UNITED NATIONS — Opium poppy cultivation in Myanmar has risen for the sixth consecutive year despite a state eradication campaign, a United Nations report said on Wednesday, throwing doubt on government assertions the problem would be over by 2014.
Unprecedented eradication efforts managed to destroy almost 24,000 hectares (59,280 acres) of poppy fields in the 2012 season, running from the autumn 2011 to early summer this year, more than triple the previous year's total.
But the U.N. Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) said land used for cultivation in Myanmar, the world's second top producer of opium after Afghanistan, still increased 17 percent to its highest level in eight years.
Myanmar is forecast to produce 690 tonnes of opium in 2011/12 according to the report, up from 610 tons — about 10 percent of the world's opium — the previous year, the UNODC said. Afghanistan produces around 90 percent.
Land in the Burmese part of the Golden Triangle — a lawless region of Myanmar, Thailand, and Laos home to vast drug trafficking operations — is scarce and many poor farmers opt to use it for poppies, which earn them 19 times more per hectare than rice, according to the UNODC report.
Four out of every 10 households surveyed in poppy-growing villages grew the crop themselves, but other households participated in the cultivation and harvesting, making it vital to the economies of whole communities.
Production of opium is closely linked to ethnic insurgencies inside Myanmar, said Gary Lewis, UNODC regional representative.
"There is no question that there is a strong connection between the conflicts in the country and the most immediate sources of revenue to purchase weapons, and in many instances this is both opium and heroin and methamphetamine pills," Lewis told Reuters. "The areas of highest cultivation intensity are also the areas of ongoing or suspended conflict. The emergence of peace and security is therefore an essential ingredient in tackling the poppy problem."
The government of President Thein Sein, in power since March 2011, has reached cease-fire agreements with many of the ethnic minority rebel groups that had fought central government for decades, but full resolution of the conflicts is some way off.
Sit Aye, legal adviser to the president, told Reuters in February that the government wanted to wipe out the opium problem by 2014.
Neighboring Laos has also seen an increase in cultivation. The UNODC report estimated that land dedicated to growing poppies jumped 66 percent from the 2011 season.
But output in Laos, at 41 tons, pales in comparison to that of Myanmar. The UNODC also believes that most of the Laos opium is intended for domestic consumption.
The vast majority of regional demand comes from China, helped by porous borders in the country's southwest.
China accounts for more than 70 percent of all heroin consumption in East Asia and the Pacific. The number of registered users has risen at least 22 percent since 2002, standing at 1.1 million by 2010, according to UNODC.
With China's demand for opium increasing and driving up production in Southeast Asia, it is becoming ever more important for governments to find realistic ways to curb cultivation and bring farmers out of poverty, Lewis said.
"Eradication alone is not the answer," he said. "The real answer is to provide sustainable alternative livelihoods."
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